The Problem: Comparing Luminaires in Lux Is Incorrect
When a salmon farmer evaluates photoperiod luminaire options, the first thing that usually appears in technical datasheets are lumens and lux. These are the most familiar data, the easiest to compare, and the most used in conventional lighting. The problem is that for salmonid photoperiod, lumens and lux are incorrect metrics — and using them as a basis for comparison can lead to purchasing decisions that result in ineffective or oversized systems.
This page explains why, and which metrics are the correct ones.
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The lumen is the unit of total luminous flux from a source. Lux is illuminance: the amount of lumens incident on a surface per square meter. Both units are photopic — they are weighted by the spectral sensitivity curve of the human eye (CIE V(λ)), which has its maximum at 555 nm (yellow-green) and practically ignores blue and red wavelengths.
El ojo humano es poco sensible al azul. El salmón, en cambio, tiene su máxima sensibilidad fotoneuroendocrina en la banda 430–560 nm (azul-verde). Esta situación coincide con la presencia de fotopigmentos (opsinas) presentes tanto en la glándula pineal como en el cerebro profundo, los cuales tienen máxima absorción en el mismo rango.
Resultado: una luminaria optimizada para el fotoperíodo del salmón emite proporcionalmente más energía en el azul que una fuente blanca convencional. Si la comparas en lux o lúmenes, aparecerá como "menos brillante" que una fuente de luz blanca de igual potencia. Pero en términos de eficacia fotobiológica para el salmón, puede ser dos o tres veces más efectiva.
Comparar la efectividad de luminarias para fotoperíodo en lux es erróneo, ya que esta unidad pondera al espectro verde como principal fuente de estímulo, minimizando la acción del efecto fisiológico del azul, contrario a los antecedentes descritos en la literatura técnica para el salmón.
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The watt per square meter (W/m²) measures the power of electromagnetic radiation incident on a surface, without spectral weighting. It is a pure physical unit that does not discriminate between wavelengths.
For aquaculture, W/m² is significantly more correct than lux because it is not biased by the sensitivity of the human eye. However, it has an important limitation: it does not differentiate between light in the effective band for salmon and light outside of it. One watt of infrared light and one watt of blue light count the same in W/m², even though the first has no effect on the pineal gland.
W/m² measured with a broadband sensor is useful as a reference for total irradiance, but does not capture the efficacy of the different spectral ranges that are differentially determining in photoperiod.
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The unit (µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) constitutes the standard used by the global aquaculture industry to measure the photosynthetically active photon flux (PAR, 400–700 nm). It is the unit reported by the LI-COR LI-192 sensor, the international reference instrument for underwater measurements.
µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ quantifies the number of photons regardless of their origin, as long as they fall within the complete PAR band. It only measures the total quantity of photons and does not consider the associated physiological effect, since it assigns, for example, the same relevance to a green photon at 550 nm, a 470 nm photon (blue), and a red one (660 nm).
In addition, the PAR band includes red wavelengths (600–700 nm) that have little efficacy on the salmon's pineal gland but contribute significantly to the measured µmol value.
µmol is the best available standard on the general market, and EVOLUX uses it as a reference. But even this metric overestimates the efficacy of sources with high green-red emission and underestimates that of sources concentrated in blue.
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The DUP (Directed Useful Power) index was developed by EVOLUX LAB to resolve the limitations of all previous metrics. It precisely quantifies the fraction of the flux emitted by a luminaire that effectively reaches the cage in the wavelengths biologically active for salmon.
El DUP integra simultáneamente tres factores que las métricas convencionales ignoran o tratan por separado:
1. Espectro de acción del salmón El DUP considera la emisión lumínica generada por la lámpara en términos de la potencia radiante (Watts lumínicos), lo que permite evaluar la eficiencia eléctrica real en forma directa (W/W). El DUP pondera la emisión de acuerdo con la curva de sensibilidad espectral de la glándula pineal del salmón, en lugar de la curva del ojo humano. Solo la luz en el rango 430–560 nm contribuye significativamente al DUP.
2. Distribución angular de la emisión Ya que en los salmónidos la luz es captada a través de la ventana pineal y no por los ojos, no toda la luz emitida en cualquier dirección llega al sistema neuroendocrino de manera útil. La luz emitida hacia la superficie o lateralmente es energía subutilizada o directamente desperdiciada. El DUP considera la distribución espacial real de la luminaria — medida con el sistema VISO LabSpion de EVOLUX LAB — y solo contabiliza la fracción que incide efectivamente dentro del volumen de la jaula.
3. Atenuación espectral del agua El agua de mar absorbe diferencialmente las distintas longitudes de onda. Las longitudes de onda rojas se atenúan mucho antes que las azules y verdes. El DUP aplica el coeficiente de atenuación espectral del agua de mar para representar la irradiancia en la columna de agua donde se encuentran los peces, no solo en la superficie bajo la luminaria.
The difference in practice
A luminaire with high cool white emission (6500K) can have a significantly lower DUP than one with a spectrum concentrated in blue at the same consumed power, even though the first shows more lumens and more lux on the datasheet. The DUP reflects what the salmon's neuroendocrine system actually receives under farming conditions, and better explains the effectiveness of light on this species.
| Metric | Considers salmon spectrum | Considers emission direction | Considers water attenuation | Recommended use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lux / Lumens |
✗ Human eye | ✗ No | ✗ No | Human lighting only |
| W/m² | ✗ Broadband | ✗ No | ✗ No | Total irradiance reference Wrad/W · m² |
| µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ (PAR) |
⚠ Partial (400–700 nm flat) |
✗ No | ✗ No | General aquaculture standard |
| DUP (EVOLUX) |
✓ Useful spectrum for salmon | ✓ Spatial light distribution | ✓ Spectral attenuation in seawater | Evaluation of useful light power for salmon |
Why This Matters When Comparing Suppliers
When a luminaire supplier presents its products with data in lux or lumens, they are using the most favorable metric for conventional white light sources — and the least relevant one for the biological effect on salmon. A technical buyer comparing products only in lux may be selecting the least optimal luminaire.
EVOLUX publishes DUP data for the TEMPEST line measured with the VISO LabSpion goniophotometric system at EVOLUX LAB, with traceable and reproducible methodology. We are the only ones in the industry with this internal measurement and characterization capability.
To request DUP data for TEMPEST or a comparative analysis with data from other suppliers: tempest@evolux.cl
